Tech Fundamentals
The building blocks: the internet, IP addresses, routers, servers, browsers and the cloud.
What is the internet, really?
The internet is not a cloud in the sky. It is millions of connected networks, joined by cables and agreed rules. Here is how it fits together, in plain English.
6 min read · Beginner
What's an IP address, and should you worry about yours?
Every device online needs an address so data knows where to go. Here is what an IP address is, what it reveals about you, and what it does not.
6 min read · Beginner
Router or modem? What the box in your hallway really does
Modem and router are often used as if they mean the same thing. They do different jobs, and knowing which is which makes fixing your broadband much easier.
6 min read · Beginner
What is a server, and where do they live?
Every website, app and email account relies on servers. Here is what a server is, how it differs from your own computer, and why you never see one.
5 min read · Beginner
Browsers and cookies: what they are and what to accept
Your browser is your window onto the web, and cookies are the small notes websites leave in it. Learn what they do, which ones matter, and how to stay in control.
7 min read · Beginner
What is "the cloud"? Someone else's computer, explained
The cloud sounds mysterious, but it simply means using computers in a data centre over the internet. Here is what it is, why it is useful, and how to use it safely.
6 min read · Beginner
What is an operating system?
Windows, macOS, Android and iOS are all operating systems. Here is what that layer of software actually does, and why keeping it updated matters so much.
5 min read · Beginner
Hardware and software: what is the difference?
Hardware is the part you can touch; software is the instructions that make it useful. A simple guide to the two halves of every device, and what to do when each one goes wrong.
5 min read · Beginner
Bits, bytes, GB and TB: storage sizes explained
How big is a gigabyte, and how many photos fit on a 128 GB phone? A plain guide to storage sizes, with everyday examples and tips for when your phone says it is full.
5 min read · Beginner
Internet speed explained: what Mbps really means
What do download speed, upload speed and ping mean, and how much do you really need? A plain guide to broadband numbers so you can choose a plan and test what you get.
6 min read · Beginner
What is a domain name?
fmtechub.com, bbc.co.uk, google.com: each one is a domain name. Learn how they are built, who owns them, and how reading one carefully helps you spot fake websites.
5 min read · Beginner
What is encryption? A simple guide
Encryption scrambles information so only the right person can read it. Here is how it protects your messages, payments and phone, explained with locks and keys rather than maths.
6 min read · Beginner
What is an app, and where should you get them?
An app is a program that does one job on your phone or computer. Learn the difference between apps and websites, where to download them safely and how to check the permissions they ask for.
5 min read · Beginner
What is Bluetooth and how does it work?
Bluetooth links your phone to headphones, watches, cars and speakers without wires. Here is how pairing works, why it sometimes drops out, and the simple settings that keep it safe.
5 min read · Beginner
Your home network explained
Your router, phones, laptops, TV and smart gadgets together make a home network. Here is how it fits together, what each part does and five quick checks to keep it fast and secure.
6 min read · Beginner
